New Website on 1965 Palm Sunday Tornadoes (and the Truth about “The Twins”)

Someone has finally done it. Elkhart County native Jenni Siri has set about developing a website dedicated to the 20th century’s second worst tornado outbreak, the infamous 1965 Palm Sunday Outbreak. Like me, Jenni has been shaped by the outbreak in a way that has remained with her. In her website, she has provided a forum for survivors of that day to share their experiences.

A few days ago, in an email exchange, I shared my thoughts with Jenni concerning a peculiar controversy which arose out of the Palm Sunday event. It concerns what is probably the most celebrated tornado photograph of all time: Elkhart Truth photographer Paul Huffman’s award-winning photo of twin funnels sweeping across US 33 between Goshen and Elkhart, Indiana.

In his newspaper account, Huffman described the tornado approaching and demolishing the Midway Trailer Court. Yet others have insisted that they saw “The Twins,” as they have been called, strike the Sunnyside Division in Dunlap, nearly 3 miles up the road.

Who is right? After nearly 50 years, the issue still persists. Can it ever be settled?

I believe both sides of The Twins controversy have told the truth about what they saw, and I have a very good reason for thinking so. When I shared my thoughts with Jenni, she asked whether I’d be willing to post them on her site. I had planned to save my theory for my book on the Palm Sunday Tornadoes, but that book is taking a long time to write. Meanwhile, why not try to resolve a conflict which, to my thinking, was never necessary. There’s an explanation that makes truth-tellers out of everyone, liars out of no one, and strikes me as just plain common sense.

But you can’t read it here. Believe me, once I finished my writeup, I was sorely tempted to post it in this blog! But a promise is a promise after all. So instead, I invite you to check out my article, “The Truth about ‘The Twins,'” on Jenni’s excellent site.

Interview with Paul and Elizabeth Huffman: Insights into a Historic Tornado Photograph

Meet Paul “Pic” Huffman and his wife, Elizabeth. A very photogenic couple, wouldn’t you say? And, I might add, a lovely one–two very nice, warm people who welcomed me into their house near Elkhart, Indiana, yesterday for a conversation I’ve been looking forward to a long, long time.

Forty-five years ago, on the evening of April 11, 1965, Paul and Elizabeth were homeward bound on US 33 when Elizabeth spotted what looked like a column of smoke off to the west. “Look at that smoke,” she told Paul. “Something’s burning.”

“That’s not smoke,” Paul replied.

Pulling the car off onto the shoulder, he grabbed his camera out of the back seat. Then, scrambling out of the vehicle and hooking his leg around the front bumper to steady himself in the wind, Paul Huffman began snapping photos as a tornado moved across the field, broadening and intensifying on its rapid journey toward the Midway Trailer Park less than half a mile up the road.

One of Paul’s photos, taken as debris from mobile homes exploded skyward, became not only the instant icon of the second worst tornado outbreak in Midwestern history, but also what is undoubtedly the most famous tornado photograph of all time. With the emotional impact peculiar to black-and-white photography, Paul’s photo depicts twin funnels straddling US 33 like a pair of immense, black legs. It is a chilling image, instantly recognizable to anyone interested in tornado research or severe weather history.

Researching for a book I’m writing on the 1965 Palm Sunday Tornadoes, I’ve come across several variations of Paul’s story by different writers. The discrepancies have been enough to leave me feeling frustrated. The Huffmans’ account strikes me as integral to a book on the outbreak, and as a matter of both responsible writing and simple respect, I’ve wanted to learn the facts and offer as accurate a writeup as possible. I was delighted last year, then, to learn that Paul would be one of the featured speakers at a Palm Sunday Outbreak commemorative event at the Bristol Museum.

Of course I attended the commemoration, where I connected with my friends Pat Bowman and Debbie Watters (my two “tornado ladies”) and also met Paul and Elizabeth for the first time. It was then that I requested an interview. Now, a year-and-a-half later, I finally got the opportunity.

When I arrived at their house, the Huffmans were standing outside surveying damage to their property from the previous day’s derecho. A small tree was down, a flagpole had gotten blown over, and a lot of tree litter had filled the yard. It seemed ironic that I was meeting Paul and Elizabeth on the wings of another bad storm.

They invited me inside, and we had a great chat that covered a lot more ground than just the tornadoes. In their early 80s, the Huffmans are an engaging twosome with plenty of stories to share. Paul, who served as a reporter for the Elkhart Truth, regaled me with several accounts from back in the day, including a flyover directly over a smokestack of the newly built Cook nuclear power plant, and a humorous mishap on the roof of a quonset hut. But of course, the main focus was his experience with the Midway tornado.

I won’t go into details here because it’s been a long day and I’m tired, and besides, I haven’t had a chance to review the interview tape. But here are a few noteworthy highlights:

* Paul never saw the twin funnels when they occurred. He was too busy snapping pictures, and he saw only the rightmost funnel in his viewfinder. Not until later, when he developed his film in his darkroom at home, did he realize what an unusual image he had captured.

* Among the larger pieces of debris raining around the Huffmans’ vehicle was a car which got flung overhead and landed on the other side of the railroad tracks that parallel US 33.

* The Huffmans never heard any of the tornado forecasts that were broadcast that day. But Paul, working outdoors earlier in that balmy afternoon sunshine, sensed that bad weather was on the way and mentioned it to Elizabeth.

* Ted Fujita interviewed the Huffmans at their house. Paul said that during his visit, Fujita seemed, oddly enough, to be more interested in Saint Elmo’s fire than in the tornado.

Paul’s overall work as a photojournalist won him a number of awards, but I’m sure that he and Elizabeth would agree that it was his one remarkable, serendipitous photograph of “The Twins” that gained him fame, if not necessarily fortune. It is strange to think how an ordinary, down-to-earth man can find himself in the right place at the right time, doing what he was designed to do–in Paul’s case, taking photographs–and wind up having an impact that shapes lives and vocations. It’s impossible to say how many people have been affected by Paul’s powerful and horrifying photo of the Midway tornado, but I know that it has helped to inspire a few notable careers in meteorology and media, not to mention many a storm chaser. It was a treat to finally get to sit down and talk with the man who took that picture, and to enjoy him and his wife not merely for their fascinating account, but also for the fine, intelligent, humorous, hospitable people that they are.

Looking Back: A 45-Year Retrospective on the 1965 Palm Sunday Tornadoes

Today marks the 45th anniversary of the Palm Sunday Tornadoes, the second worst tornado outbreak in Midwest history. Between the time that the first funnel dropped in eastern Iowa shortly before 2:00 EST and the time when the last one dematerialized in the night sky over Ohio eleven hours later, tornadoes took 272 lives in six Great Lakes states.

This April 11 also happens to be a Sunday, but while it is a moody day, it holds no threat of violent weather. I’m sure we’ll see our share of that this spring, but not today. At the moment, I’m sipping on my morning cup of coffee; then I’ll shower up and head down to the historical museum in Bristol, and then to the tornado memorial park in Dunlap, Indiana, where my friend, Debbie Watters, has organized her commemorative event. If you’re interested in attending, click here for details and a map.

It is strange how something that happened over four decades ago, and in which I was not directly involved, has remained with me all these years. But the ripples of that long-ago Palm Sunday evening have extended into many lives. Today’s event will draw not only survivors, many of whom are now well advanced in years, but also their children, their nieces and nephews, their grandchildren. The wind’s roar still echoes through a broad patchwork of lives, young and old.

The Palm Sunday Tornadoes were formative not just in family histories and individual lives; they were also a seminal event in severe weather meteorology and operational forecasting. Out of that disaster came a remarkable paper by Dr. Theodore Fujita, published in the “Monthly Weather Review,” which presented the first truly in-depth analysis of a tornado outbreak. For the first time, you can see a system for tracking tornado families and their members. You’ll find Fujita’s evidence for multiple vortices, a now well-established phenomenon which was unknown at the time.

It was out of the Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak that Skywarn evolved in the interest of enhancing public safety during severe weather events. The Weather Bureau’s communication infrastructure, which suffered some fatal breakdowns during the outbreak, was scrutinized for improvement. Civil defense sirens, hitherto unused to alert Great Lakes residents of approaching tornadoes, were harnessed as part of the public alert system. And the very language of severe weather warnings was changed. “Tornado forecasts” became “tornado watches” to help the public better distinguish between a watch, issued when conditions are favorable for tornadoes to develop, and a warning, when a tornado has actually been detected, whether by radar or actual visual confirmation.

I’ll have more to report when I return from today’s doings. Right now, I need to finish my coffee and hit the shower and then the road.